Longitudinal and Scalar Bosons in Material Media and in Vacuum

The article discusses properties of different type bose-particles existing in dielectric media and in vacuum. The author analyzes spectrum of lattice and excitonic polaritons for a two-atom cubic crystal and the character of dielectric function ε(ω) for transverse and longitudinal electromagnetic waves. It is demonstrated that longitudinal electromagnetic waves correspond to zero dielectric permittivity in both material media and vacuum. It is established that for certain polarization geometries during registration of Raman scattering spectra in non-centrosymmetrical crystals like gallium phosphide and lithium niobate transverse and longitudinal electromagnetic waves may be excited. The author analyzed relationship between the energy and quasi-momentum in globular photonic crystals. It is established that in such crystals the photon rest mass is non-zero and can be both positive and negative. It has been found that in dielectric and photonic crystals polariton curves have irregularities corresponding to the so-called unitary polaritons whose refraction index complies with the formula: n² = 1. The dependencies of energy on momentum for vacuum bosons corresponding to transversal, longitudinal, scalar, and pseudoscalar waves are given. It is shown that longitudinal photons in vacuum have negative effective rest mass. The author analysed conditions of observation for scalar and pseudoscalar bosons (paraphotons and axions) with extremely low rest mass (10^-3 ... 10^-6 eV), which existence was predicted earlier on the base of astrophysical observations. The author examines the laws of photon-boson conversion using the intensive laser light sources as excitation radiation. The essential increase of such type conversion efficiency is predicted under the transition from spontaneous to stimulated regimes. Specific experimental installations are proposed for observation of the processes of photon-paraphoton conversion.

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