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LONGITUDINAL AND SCALAR BOSONS IN MATERIAL MEDIA

AND IN VACUUM

V.S. Gorelik

Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bauman Moscow State

Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation

e-mail:

gorelik@sci.lebedev.ru

The article discusses properties of different type bose-particles existing in dielectric

media and in vacuum. The author analyzes spectrum of lattice and excitonic

polaritons for a two-atom cubic crystal and the character of dielectric function

ε

(

ω

)

for transverse and longitudinal electromagnetic waves. It is demonstrated

that longitudinal electromagnetic waves correspond to zero dielectric permittivity

in both material media and vacuum. It is established that for certain polarization

geometries during registration of Raman scattering spectra in non-centrosymmetrical

crystals like gallium phosphide and lithium niobate transverse and longitudinal

electromagnetic waves may be excited. The author analyzed relationship between

the energy and quasi-momentum in globular photonic crystals. It is established

that in such crystals the photon rest mass is non-zero and can be both positive

and negative. It has been found that in dielectric and photonic crystals polariton

curves have irregularities corresponding to the so-called unitary polaritons whose

refraction index complies with the formula:

n

2

= 1

. The dependencies of energy

on momentum for vacuum bosons corresponding to transversal, longitudinal, scalar,

and pseudoscalar waves are given. It is shown that longitudinal photons in vacuum

have negative effective rest mass. The author analysed conditions of observation

for scalar and pseudoscalar bosons (paraphotons and axions) with extremely low

rest mass (

10

3

. . .

10

6

eV), which existence was predicted earlier on the base of

astrophysical observations. The author examines the laws of photon-boson conversion

using the intensive laser light sources as excitation radiation. The essential increase of

such type conversion efficiency is predicted under the transition from spontaneous to

stimulated regimes. Specific experimental installations are proposed for observation

of the processes of photon-paraphoton conversion.

Keywords

:

boson, photon, paraphoton, axion, polariton, laser, vacuum, dielectric

permittivity, conversion, energy, momentum.

Introduction.

Bose particles (bosons) are elementary excitations of

material media and vacuum. These particles in contrast to fermions can

be accumulated in quantum states in large numbers. In classical terms, a

large number of bosons in a given state is equivalent to a large oscillation

amplitude of the respective oscillators. Among the known bosons existing

in vacuum, photons which correspond to transverse electromagnetic waves

with a linear energy – momentum relationship are of particular interest:

E

=

c

0

p

(

ω

=

c

0

k

)

. Possible existence of longitudinal photons in vacuum

has not yet been confirmed by any experiments and is still a matter of

discussion. In the research publication [1] based on astrophysical data

L.B. Okun assumes that scalar photons named paraphotons may exist

in vacuum. Later, the existence of pseudoscalar bosons — axions was

predicted [2]. Paraphotons and axions are the likely elementary particles of

the dark matter which properties have been the subject of active research

lately. The theory [3, 4] supposes that rest mass of paraphotons and axions

lies within the range of

10

6

. . .

10

3

eV, which corresponds to the far

36

ISSN 1812-3368. Herald of the BMSTU. Series “Natural Sciences”. 2015. No. 1